Tầng 1
Caesar & substitution + frequency analysis, Vigenère + Kasiski, OTP + perfect secrecy, modular arithmetic foundations (prep cho Tier 3).
Tầng 2
Block ciphers (AES SPN từng round), modes of operation (ECB penguin, GCM AEAD), hash functions (SHA-256, birthday), MAC/PRNG/KDF.
Tầng 3
RSA tính tay (p=11, q=13), Diffie-Hellman & ECC, digital signatures & PKI, TLS 1.3 + frontier (post-quantum, ZKP intro).